Library

This library is a record of books that I’ve read, with a written response to each. There are no ratings here. I limit recommendations, and I do not write with the aim of reviewing. A book might make me think about something else, I may engage extensively with one passage, or I might evaluate the argument of the text as a whole. The texture of my responses will shift depending on the text.

One caveat: the write-ups from before 2024 read more like book reviews, because that’s what they were. Most started life on Goodreads, a few in graduate seminars, back before this site existed.

Some of my responses are short (perhaps a few paragraphs) while others may be entire essays. The amount written is a reflection not of the quality of the book, but of my own thinking.

My books are listed in reverse-chronological order by when I completed them. Each entry is listed in full bibliographic form, with a short annotation below. Some of these I own, others I do not.

2022

Pirajno, Alberto di. A Cure for Serpents. Eland, 2006.

The Italian colonial empire (Libya, and to a lesser extent Eritrea) through the eyes of an Italian doctor turned colonial administrator. He plays on orientalist fantasies, but offers perspectives you can’t really find elsewhere, especially on Tuareg and Imazighen in the Sahara; take his stories with a grain of salt.

al-Koni, Ibrahim. Gold Dust. Translated by Elliot Colla. Hoopoe, 2020.

My second Koni, imbued with the same satisfying Saharan Sufism. Where The Bleeding of the Stone is an ecologists’ manifesto, Gold Dust is about inter-species relationships and what it means to be willing to do anything for a non-human companion.

Lewis, Mary Dewhurst. Divided Rule: Sovereignty and Empire in French Tunisia, 1881-1938. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013.

Very little is written on Tunisian history in English, so this is by definition welcome: Lewis shows how the protectorate’s extraterritoriality laws gave other European nations a say in Tunisia’s sovereignty, and how French attempts to close that gap inadvertently galvanized the nationalist movement.

Gaddafi, Muammar. The Green Book. 2016.

Frankly, Gaddafi is a pretty garbage political theorist. His Third Universal Theory means to maximize democracy beyond liberalism and Marxism, but it’s even less workable than the two it seeks to supplant, and the political material is such nonsense I’m not certain Gaddafi could make sense of it.

Saint-Exupéry de, Antoine. Wind, Sand and Stars. Harvest Books, 2002.

Good vignettes from the early age of flight; the best is the Sahara crash that inspired The Little Prince, the worst the wishy-washy Spanish Civil War chapter (why can’t we hang out with fascists without problems?). You can feel the mythmaking emerge through his writing, and I honestly love that.

Ben Hameda, Kamal. Under the Tripoli Sky. Translated by Adriana Hunter. Bath: Peirene Press, 2014.

Ben Hameda gives us a window into the profoundly gendered women’s spaces of 1960 Tripoli through Hadachinou, a young boy in the midst of a sexual awakening; it reminds me a lot of Halfaouine. The novella meanders, but it isn’t pointless: by no means profound, but worth taking time with.

Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif. The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, 1830-1932. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.

A great history of Libya up to the end of its “pacification” (actually a genocidal war culminating in the internment of the entire population of Cyrenaica), picking up in the fourth chapter with the Sanusi. In short, a classic.

Tushnet, Mark V. Why the Constitution Matters. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.

The argument is quite obvious: the constitution matters not because it protects rights (rulings on those tend to be arbitrary) but because it defines how American politics are practiced. I wish there was something new here; it’s a summary of things already widely known.

Ogden, Jane. The Psychology of Eating: From Healthy to Disordered Behavior. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

A scientific survey of the psychology-of-eating literature as of 2010: family background, eating disorders, obesity, fad diets, nutrition. Not a light read, but useful for framing the way we think about eating; great for an undergraduate survey or as a primer for further research.

Rollin, Jennifer and Colleen Reichmann. The Inside Scoop on Eating Disorder Recovery: Advice from Two Therapists Who Have Been There. London: Taylor & Francis, 2021.

An interesting, actionable book by two therapists, though gendered female, focused on restriction over bingeing, and at times a bit too informal for my liking: I couldn’t help feeling I’m not the audience. Still worth reading for those struggling with eating disorders.

Nicholls, Julia. Revolutionary Thought After the Paris Commune, 1871-1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.

Against the traditional narrative, Nicholls argues the French revolutionary tradition didn’t die with the Commune in 1871; it kept its outline until 1885, syncretizing a flexible “French Marx” with Blanquists and anarchists. She dwells on historiography a bit too much, but it’s an excellent study of a supposedly sleepy period.

Kim, Diana S. Empires of Vice: The Rise of Opium Prohibition Across Southeast Asia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020.

Kim traces how seemingly small decisions by individual bureaucrats culminated in the banning of opium across British Burma, Malaya, and French Indochina. The larger value: she shows when “global” history does not work; prohibition looked driven by global factors but was almost wholly local. The organization could be better.

Casimir, Jean. The Haitians: A Decolonial History. Translated by Laurent Dubois. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.

Casimir’s decolonial history leaves Western epistemologies behind: the Haitian Revolution wasn’t a bid for a liberal republic but the engineering of a wholly new society, built on the lakou, that supplanted the slave system. I’m not steeped enough in the literature to fully get all of it, but it’s an important piece of scholarship.

Burns, Sarah. The Politics of War Powers: The Theory and History of Presidential Unilateralism. University Press of Kansas, 2019.

An enlightening history of how presidents moved from Washington’s “prelegal” maneuvers to nearly unlimited executive prerogative after 9/11, with Congress just as at fault for acquiescing. The early theory section is the weak part; deeper dives into specific cases would have served better.

Kamrava, Mehran. A Concise History of Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.

The title says history, but this is classically political science: three ideal types (spontaneous, planned, negotiated revolution) imposed on revolutionary situations in hopes that everything fits. The models obscure as much as they illuminate; useful insights, but I wish for a more historically-sound treatment.

Mason, David S. A Concise History of Modern Europe: Liberty, Equality, Solidarity. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.

I like this better for teaching than most modern Europe texts: Mason offers the main points without diving in too deeply, leaving the instructor free to choose what to pair it with. Not the place for depth; the definitive text for a quick overview built out with other materials.

Brook, Timothy. Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World. London: Bloomsbury Press, 2007.

A great popular history: Brook pulls one or two details from each painting (herring boats, a Chinese fruit bowl, a VOC warehouse) and follows the threads out to the “second contacts” of the seventeenth-century world. Nothing new for world historians, but I consumed it in one sitting.

Jay, Mike. Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019.

It made a splash in the journals, but I can’t say I’m impressed: I expected scholarly analysis from Yale and got narrative commodity history, with the contrast between Western and indigenous knowledge underexplored. Worth a read for a glimpse; Jay sets the ground for more rigorous histories.

Gomez, Michael A. Reversing Sail: A History of the African Diaspora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.

A great introduction to African diaspora history, especially because it sets the black Atlantic within a larger diaspora history (notably the Middle East). Nothing new for those already familiar with the topic, but a great entry point for those who aren’t.

Emecheta, Buchi. Second Class Citizen. New York: George Braziller, 1983.

Brief and good account of Nigerian immigration to the UK in the 1960s from a woman’s perspective: the multifaceted discrimination black immigrant women faced, whether from gender structures replicated from West Africa or from British racism.

Green, Toby. A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.

A hard book to get through (so many unfamiliar names and societies), but Green’s story makes sense to me: West Africa’s many currencies lost out to a gold-and-silver world, value came to be held in slaves, and Islam rose as a leveling force. One to come back to.

Zarinebaf, Fariba. Mediterranean Encounters: Trade and Pluralism in Early Modern Galata. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018.

I expected a study of Genoese-Turkish relations; Zarinebaf’s book is something even more interesting: Galata’s development under Ottoman policy, the ahdnames that opened Mediterranean trade, and French merchants becoming “Levantines.” A must-read for the early modern Mediterranean.

Taieb, Emmanuel. Hiding the Guillotine: Public Executions in France, 1870–1939. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2020.

A very French study (arguments implicit, conclusions left to the reader) of why public executions disappeared in France by 1939: shifting sensibilities plus the broader privatization of French society. Interesting, but the theoretical debates over sovereignty and theatricality crowd out what may be the more important story.

Hopkins, Benjamin D. Ruling the Savage Periphery: Frontier Governance and the Making of the Modern State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2020.

A Foucauldian rejoinder to Scott’s Art of Not Being Governed: “frontier governmentality” segregated frontier peoples rather than ruling them directly, cheaper than civilizing or exterminating them. Really dense, but I expect it to reframe how I think through colonial history.

Henneberg, Sabina. Managing Transition: The First Post-Uprising Phase in Tunisia and Libya. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2020.

Comparing Tunisia and Libya immediately after 2011, Henneberg argues that the actual actions of provisional governments, not just structures and starting points, determine outcomes. The argument seems obvious, but it’s nice to see someone pushing back against political science’s natural determinism. Recommend.

Griffiths, Richard. France's Purveyors of Hatred: Aspects of the French Extreme Right and Its Influence, 1918-1945. London: Taylor & Francis, 2020.

Not a total history of the French extreme right but a collection of essays on its “aspects”: the Action Française abroad, the interwar leagues, the “political”/“non-political” distinction in collaboration. Not the place to start, but great supplementary case studies.

Falck, Susan T. Remembering Dixie: The Battle to Control Historical Memory in Natchez, Mississippi, 1865-1941. University Press of Mississippi, 2019.

Public history at its best: Falck traces how Natchez produced Lost Cause memory from the Civil War to World War II, lament becoming reverence until the town was effectively a Disneyland for Lost Cause partisans. The photography chapter (the “lost” images of the black upper class) is the most interesting. Highly recommend.

Edington, Claire E. Beyond the Asylum: Mental Illness in French Colonial Vietnam. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2019.

The first study I’ve seen of the asylum in French Southeast Asia, and what makes it important is how Edington moves beyond its walls to the asylum’s place in Vietnamese social life: a technology of colonial control that patients and their families actively negotiated. An excellent window into colonial psychiatry; recommend.

Spiegelman, Art. Maus: A Survivor's Tale: My Father Bleeds History. New York: Pantheon Books, 1986.

Woof, this is such a bleak story. Spiegelman’s framing makes it incredibly human, and as Volume 1 moves toward Auschwitz you can feel Vladek and Anja’s increasing dread and uncertainty.

Fauvelle, François-Xavier. The Golden Rhinoceros: Histories of the African Middle Ages. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018.

A great set of short chapters on Africa between roughly 700 and 1500. It lacks cohesion, but that may be the point: there was no single “Africa,” so it’s best to see the continent through different lenses. Very heavy on Saharan Africa, weaker on Mediterranean Africa.

Carayon, Céline. Eloquence Embodied: Nonverbal Communication Among French and Indigenous Peoples in the Americas. University of North Carolina Press, 2019.

An excellent study of something we give very little thought to: how Indigenous peoples and the French actually communicated. Carayon shows that sign languages and gestures were rich rather than basic, rooted in a wholly North American Indigenous epistemology of communication; a must-read for colonial North America.

Akın, Yiğit. When the War Came Home: The Ottomans' Great War and the Devastation of an Empire. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018.

Historical scholarship at its best. Akin asks why World War I was so devastating in the Ottoman Empire: weak infrastructure, a war fought within its own borders, a CUP primed to see the war as existential and as opportunity; the state’s intensified grip on its subjects was a net-negative for nearly everybody.

Antov, Nikolay. The Ottoman 'Wild West': The Balkan Frontier in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.

Really interesting research on how northeastern Bulgaria was Islamicized and brought into the Ottoman system, built largely from tax registers; material I’d never seen in Anglophone historiography. It would have been five stars if Antov hired a better editor: every sentence is ludicrously complex.

Burnard, Trevor. The Atlantic in World History, 1490-1830. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019.

Despite the title, not the Atlantic in world history (no Indian Ocean or Pacific connections); what it is: a welcome, undergraduate-level survey of Atlantic history proper, with a standout chapter on the plantation system as a specifically Atlantic structure.

Gomez, Michael. African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018.

A tough read, but not Gomez’s fault: the sources are by nature arcane to Euro-American audiences, and he is transparent about their contradictions rather than smoothing them into narrative. Easy to get lost in the details, but it respects the methodological problems of doing African history immensely.

James, Henry. The Bostonians. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.

Really beautiful writing, a still-recognizable Bostonian progressivism (promise, pitfalls, hypocrisies), and a rare pre-1945 depiction of closeted homosexuality; but the main characters are the actual worst, with no redeeming aspect among them, and nothing happens, at all, whatsoever.

Oates, Joyce Carol, ed. The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

My first major foray into pre-2010s American short stories, and definitely the place to start: Oates’s selections are (mostly) good, but the real treasure is the biographical and contextual material she gives before each story. I’m excited to read more.

Adorno, Rolena. The Polemics of Possession in Spanish American Narrative. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.

Adorno’s big contribution is showing that the 16th-century debates over territory and conquest (las Casas and Sepúlveda, Inca Garcilaso, Cabeza de Vaca) continue to predominate in Latin American literature. More literary studies than history, which to me is dense and confusing; I’m not the intended audience.

Greene, Jack P. Pursuits of Happiness: The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

Gross. Greene is right that New England was the exceptional case, but his chapters effectively install the Chesapeake as the real normative one; “declensionist” and “developmentalist” are horribly useless categories, and the whole project is an exercise in futility.

Bonomi, Patricia U. Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Revisionist when published, now the dominant narrative: colonial American religious life was vibrant, broadly latitudinarian, and central to society and politics, with churchgoing nearer 60% than the old 5-20%. The absences (African American and Native religion, Catholicism) mark the time in which it was written.

Earle, Rebecca. The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492-1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Earle shows how Galenic humoral theory made food fundamental to maintaining the self in the Spanish colonies: eat American foods and a Spaniard might physically become Amerindian. Her pushback against scholars who stretch “race” into anachronism is the complicated part; I learned a ton and highly recommend it.

Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge. How to Write the History of the New World: Histories, Epistemologies, and Identities in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.

Woof, this is a tome, and it takes work to make sense of, but it’s absolutely fascinating: northern Europeans refused to take Spanish historical writing seriously no matter which sources it used, dismissing even indigenous evidence as “uncivilized.” All historians should read this, whatever they work on; highest recommendation.

Breen, T.H. Tobacco Culture: The Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.

More interpretive essay than book: the tidewater planters’ perpetual debt, and their fury when British merchants tried to cash in, primed Virginians for revolution (and explains why Jefferson hated Hamilton). Illuminating and easy to skim, but I’d like more primary source rigor.

Beeman, Richard. The Varieties of Political Experience in Eighteenth-Century America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.

Beeman argues there was no single political experience in British North America, only distinct styles: Virginia and Massachusetts, the oligarchies of New York and South Carolina, the backcountry, the northeastern cities. Worth reading, but very slow; the near-impossibility of generalizing is its strength and what makes it so hard to retain.

Boxer, Charles Ralph. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

Now this is a great book about a colonial empire. The chronological first half goes a bit slow, but the second, on the sinews of empire (the actual mechanics of travel and sail, religion and race, messianism and Sebastianism, intellectual life), is absolutely excellent. Great stuff.

Martínez, María Elena. Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008.

Martínez sounds like she was gaslit by the entire historical establishment while writing this, and the book vindicates all of her efforts: limpieza de sangre crossed the Atlantic and was reappropriated from “old Christian” ancestry into the sistema de castas. Really theory-heavy, but here it works.

McConville, Brendan. The King's Three Faces: The Rise and Fall of Royal America, 1688-1776. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.

A full break with earlier scholarship: imagine the Revolution never happened, and colonial America emerges as the most royalist part of the British Empire, its rebellion a personal betrayal ending in symbolic regicide. It made Bailyn click into place for me, though I suspect McConville overstates his case.

MacCormack, Sabine. Religion in the Andes: Vision and Imagination in Early Colonial Peru. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.

I’m impressed: not a book about Andean religion in a vacuum but about how it shaped Spanish perception, with the Devil looming large once priests decided oracles couldn’t be hearing from God. The Aristotle-heavy intellectual history goes a bit over my head; it wants readers better grounded in classical philosophy than I am.

Pagden, Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

A very smart intellectual history of how 16th-century Spain legitimated its American rule, from Amerindians as “natural slaves” to las Casas’s still messed-up “children” needing Spanish help toward maturity. Very much a text for scholars who know the literature; I don’t see it changing how I see the past.

Bonomi, Patricia U. Lord Cornbury Scandal the Politics of Reputation in British America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.

Such a fun book: Bonomi shows that almost no historian had critically analyzed Lord Cornbury’s administration, relying instead on opposition rumors amounting to character assassination. Less a vindication than an illumination of the “dark side” of colonial politics, a rough-and-tumble world that makes our own era look tame.

Bailyn, Bernard. The Origins of American Politics. New York: Vintage Books, 1970.

Three lectures asking why the colonies had a revolution while Britain did not: after 1730 colonial governors grew strong relative to the other branches yet hamstrung by London, so government looked arbitrary rather than good. Worth skimming, but not particularly comprehensive.

Premo, Bianca. Children of the Father King. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.

Legal history is always hard for me, and this is no exception: Premo’s subtle, interesting arguments link law to the history of childhood in colonial Peru, where “minority” was a status indigenous adults could claim and orphanages assigned caste. Illuminating material, though the overarching arguments stayed a bit unclear to me.

Herzog, Tamar. Upholding Justice: Society, State, and the Penal System in Quito (1650-1750). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2004.

Far more fascinating than I had any right to find it: I picked it up as a nice legal history and found the whole Spanish legal system shoddily jerry-rigged, with no distinction between public and private personage; its entanglements can’t even be called corruption. A must-read on state-building and law.

Jackson, Helen Hunt. Ramona. New York: Signet Classics, 2002.

I’m sorry, but Ramona is trite. Jackson wanted to do for Native Americans what her friend Stowe did for enslaved peoples, but the story is wooden, falling entirely on stereotypes without any sense of humanity; little question why it’s been forgotten outside California.

Morgan, Edmund S. Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989.

Morgan at his magician’s work of weaving political theory into on-the-ground practice: divine right and popular sovereignty are both fictions, and both ended with the consent of the many guaranteed by the few. It lacks the dynamism of his other books; great for the nitty-gritty of political thought.

Wood, Peter H. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996.

Wood takes the fact most of us know (colonial South Carolina was majority black) and asks what it means: Sullivan’s Island as a coercive Ellis Island, African rice expertise, Gullah, resistance, Stono. Little of it was new to me, but it’s a great introduction to colonial South Carolina.

Herzog, Tamar. Defining Nations: Immigrants and Citizens in Early Modern Spain and Spanish America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.

A really complex book, but not so subtle, which helps: before citizenship existed, Spanish identity ran through vecindad and naturaleza, fluid uncodified categories one could hold, lose, or hold both of. Tough without a sense of Spanish legal frameworks, but illuminating on being “Spanish” under the Habsburgs and Bourbons.

Morgan, Philip D. Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

Comparative slavery within the US rather than across the Americas: Chesapeake against Lowcountry. I was impressed by Morgan’s subtlety; demographic dominance gave Lowcountry slaves skilled positions and kept African traditions alive (hence Gullah), even as racism ran stronger there. A must-read.

Vinson, Ben and Herbert S. Klein. African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

A good introductory, synthetic text: worth reading to get your feet on the ground, but those who work on slavery in Latin America won’t find much new here outside of some comparison. Nothing trailblazing.

Dunbar, Paul Laurence. Selected Poems. Edited by Herbert Woodward Martin. New York: Penguin Books, 2004.

I read every poem from Dunbar’s earliest years and was sampling by the end; the dialect poetry is where he really shines, though his Standard American English poems are all excellent. Finding the rhythm of the dialect took work, and favorites like “An Ante-Bellum Sermon” and “The Colored Soldiers” outdo the famous “Sympathy.”

Lynch, John. Bourbon Spain: 1700-1808. Basil Blackwell, 1989.

I hoped to like this better than Elliott’s Imperial Spain; I didn’t. It’s almost entirely dynastic history, the view from the monarchy and its bureaucrats, though the Americas and the Bourbon reforms get welcome attention. An adequate politico-economic introduction; the better text hasn’t been written yet.

Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Penguin Books, 2014.

Third read, and the first that worked: with better historical and literary context the dialect reads as craft rather than bad writing. Huck’s gradual moral development on slavery is beautiful to see, and Huck and Jim’s conversation about the French language had me cackling out loud.

Kellogg, Susan. Weaving the Past: A History of Latin America's Indigenous Women from the Prehispanic Period to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

A short but interesting survey of a usually ignored dimension of Latin American history: indigenous women, from the pre-Hispanic period to current activism. The brevity makes strong take-aways impossible; a good starting point, not the end of the discussion.

Kulikoff, Allan. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680-1800. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

An ambitious, hard-to-assess book: late seventeenth-century Virginia would be unrecognizable from the late eighteenth, transformed through family, class, and racial relations rooted in demography and labor. Quasi-Marxist in outlook; Kulikoff gives a bit too much weight to modes of production, but it’s useful on the origins of Southern social structures.

Jordan, Winthrop D. White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1977.

Probably the oldest truly great history of American slavery, since surpassed but chock-full of detail. Jordan’s subject is how white Americans saw black people: the black-equals-slave idea was a mid-seventeenth-century invention, rationalized on religious grounds that became coterminous with race. The chapter on sex and reproduction is crucial.

Mangan, Jane E. Trading Roles: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Urban Economy in Colonial Potosí. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005.

Where other Potosí studies stay in the mines, Mangan dives into the city itself: indigenous women brewing chicha around a Spanish corn-flour embargo, a silver capital running on credit. Markets just don’t interest me as much as labor systems; worth a read if you’re really interested in Potosí.

Schwartz, Stuart B. Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550 1835. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

A big, difficult, nearly comprehensive study of Bahian plantation society through a quasi-Marxist lens. My disappointment: Schwartz never looks beyond Bahia, to other Brazilian regions or to Cuba, Barbados, Jamaica, so what actually defines Brazilian society stays unclear. Great material for future comparativists; not quite what I’d hoped.

Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. Blackstone, 2007.

The gold standard for historical writing on slavery in the Americas: New World slavery as uniquely brutal, racialization as a hemispheric process rather than the Bacon’s Rebellion story alone, and North American slavery contextualized geographically within the Western Hemisphere. A must-read.

Bakewell, Peter. Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian Labor in Potosi, 1545-1650. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010.

A good introduction to how labor actually functioned in early colonial Potosí and how the mita system came to be (Toledo doesn’t deserve the blame he’s normally given), but largely surpassed: Tandeter is superior on the actual mechanics of mining in colonial Peru.

Breen, T.H. and Stephen Innes. "myne Owne Ground": Race and Freedom on Virginia's Eastern Shore, 1640-1676. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Short and fascinating: free black Virginians like Anthony Johnson held near-equal rights and status until Bacon’s Rebellion and the 1705 Slave Codes stripped them away. Compelling evidence that anti-black racism was produced for a specific end, not something that has always existed.

Adelman, Jeremy. Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.

Adelman rejects the Age of Democratic Revolutions paradigm: Spanish Americans didn’t initially seek independence; the imperial center imploded, and they had to come to terms with an empire without a core. A difficult text, not for newcomers, and I took off a star for the approachability.

Elliott, J.H. Imperial Spain 1469-1716. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.

A decent introduction to the Spain of Fernando and Isabel and the Habsburgs: an interpretive narrative that treats the reader as a mature adult and examines Spain’s constituent parts together and separately. But where are the Americas? Flawed and dated, needing supplements, yet one of the best on the market.

Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1975.

The creation story from hell: American liberty and slavery rose together, inextricably linked, with independence itself bought with slave-produced exports. Bleak and well told, though the aristocratic Founders clamoring for liberty (the very class Bacon’s Rebellion fought) are an enigma Morgan leaves unanswered.

Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women. London: Penguin Classics, 2012.

The most Protestant American novel I have ever read, and I don’t know that I like it very much: the characters are iconic and the book heartwarming (excepting, of course, the death of Beth), but the pace is so slow and episodic it lacked momentum.

Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000.

Effectively the same arguments as Generations of Captivity, with more attention to region and types of labor: the North, the Chesapeake, the Carolina lowcountry, the lower Mississippi. I’m a huge fan of Berlin, but I may have wasted a bit of time here; his later work treads the same ground.

Tandeter, Enrique. Coercion and Market: Silver Mining In Colonial Potosi, 1692 1826. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993.

Statistics-heavy study showing 18th-century Potosí would have been unprofitable without the mita: owners paid only for workers’ reconstitution while indigenous communities swallowed maintenance and reproduction. A bit of a slog evaluating the evidence, but illuminating on how the social structure around the mines worked.

Weber, David J. Bárbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.

Broke a lot of my notions of a relatively homogeneous Spanish America: Bourbon treatment of independent borderland peoples changed depending on where and when you look, with traders and scientific expeditions far more benign than missionaries and soldiers. Early Americanists will find much familiar here.

Rodríguez O., Jaime E. The Independence of Spanish America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

A monograph that doubles as a really good overview, and Rodríguez O.’s sense of “empire” matches my own: not colonies subordinate to Spain but two realms under one Monarchy, whose dissolution in 1808 unleashed movements that meant autonomy when they said “independence.” I learned so much.

Pulsipher, Jenny Hale. Subjects Unto the Same King: Indians, English, and the Contest for Authority in Colonial New England. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.

An illuminating study of legitimacy and political power in 17th century New England: Massachusetts and Native nations both began the period seeing themselves as sovereign and both ended fully subordinate to the English monarchy. It gave me the narrative I lacked; what had been a cacophony of names comes together really well. Highly recommend.

Brading, David A. The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, And The Liberal State, 1492 1867. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

A leviathan of a text: Brading traces creole patriotism from Garcilaso and Torquemada through Hidalgo to the liberal state, reading Latin American independence as intra-elite competition between creoles and peninsulares. A lot here seemed convincing, though intellectual milieu alone can’t be the whole story.

Calloway, Colin G. New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.

I like Calloway’s vision of Indians and Europeans remaking each other into something more alike, but he overstates the case: much of the fusion is surface-level or temporary, and there was more coercion than he lets on. A useful what-might-have-been that needs supplementing for a true picture.

Lockhart, James, ed. We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2004.

The Florentine Codex in four columns (original Nahuatl, Lockhart’s English, Sahagún’s Spanish, that Spanish in English), so you can see how the 16th-century translation differs from the original. Rediscovering this after undergrad reframed how I read it; a good collection of conquest sources from the Mexica perspective.

Dominguez, Jorge I. Insurrection or Loyalty. De Gruyter, 1980.

This book is infuriating: Domínguez tests historians’ hypotheses about why Spanish American territories rebelled or stayed loyal, landing on elites and the empire’s internal balance. The ideas are interesting, if a little obvious; the structure almost physically repels me. Political scientists will have more fun with it than historians.

Richter, Daniel K. Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.

Richter reframes early America by facing east from Indian country, with anecdotes embellished like a fisherman’s tale and no worse for it. The major contribution is the reframing itself, and on that count he’s largely successful: I can see North American history from the perspective of American Indians much clearer now. Recommend.

Smith, Tracy K. Life on Mars. Minneapolis, MN: Graywolf Press, 2011.

A great set of poems from the former poet laureate: family and social life couched in the language of astronomy, eliciting a real sense of wonder. The lines that rely on heavy consonance are what I eat up.

White, Richard. The Middle Ground. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

A good book historically, a great one theoretically: in the pays d’en haut no power was dominant, so accommodation and productive misunderstanding replaced acculturation. White’s insistence that the middle ground be grounded spatially is what makes the concept so resilient; not everything is or can be one.

Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart. The Gates Ajar. London: Penguin Classics, 2019.

Mixed thoughts: the opening chapters are a realistic treatment of grief that fits my own experience, but the mid-19th-century consensus Heaven (a primordial soup straight out of Neon Genesis Evangelion) sounds like my own personal Hell. The book made me think a lot, even though I disagree with Phelps by the end.

Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000.

Kupperman’s myth-busting study: English settlers found so much in common with Native peoples that they may as well have been a “mirror” of their own societies. The religion chapter, with its less rigid, syncretized Christianities, fascinated me; the subtitle is almost a misnomer, since there’s constant interplay but very little facing off.

Fuente, Alejandro de la. Havana and the Atlantic in the Sixteenth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.

How did a “mere stop-over” become a critical node of the Spanish empire? Fuente shows how constant ship traffic, Mexican silver, slave labor, and sheer defensibility let Havana cultivate a prosperity few port cities could; an excellent explanation of how a city I’ve long wanted to visit came to be.

Merrell, James H. The Indians' New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact Through the Era of Removal. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.

Merrell’s enthusiasm for the topic is contagious, and his treatment makes me inclined to call him the father of the “New Indian History”: through contact with Europeans, the Catawbas discovered a “New World” just as much as Europeans did.

Burkholder, Mark A. and Lyman L. Johnson. Colonial Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970.

I’m sorry, but this book is really bad: jam-packed with information that never comes together cohesively, written in textbook-speak, with a miserable thematic middle section that buries the big picture. Do not recommend.

Jacobs, Harriet Ann. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. New York: Barnes & Noble Classics, 2005.

Of all the slave narratives I’ve read, probably the most detailed about personal experience: less on the mechanics of slave life than 12 Years a Slave, but the psychological toll of enslavement shines through. Jacobs has absolutely zero patience for slaveholders and their sympathizers, and I am here for it.

Axtell, James. The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

A great text that sets the ground for White’s The Middle Ground: English, French, and Native Americans each trying to “convert” the others to their way of life, with the French most successful. Should be recognized as a classic, though I was left wanting more on Native Americans.

Haring, Clarence Henry. Trade and Navigation Between Spain and the Indies: In the Time of the Hapsburgs. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918.

Probably the first major American study of the subject (1916), arguing the Americas freed Spain from its limiting circumstances in Europe; but I find in-depth discussions of “trade” (I want to call it “robbery”) a bit of a sleepy topic. Far surpassed by more recent works.

Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. The Jamestown Project. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007.

Trying to be two things at once: the claim that Jamestown, not Plymouth, is the true start of the Anglo-American project is half-baked, but the analysis of English mental maps (Ottoman anxieties, an Atlantic seen as three seas) is bright and thorough. Disjointed; Jamestown itself doesn’t appear until the last third.

Hemming, John. Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians, 1500-1760. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.

A remarkably comprehensive narrative of early colonial Brazil centered on indigenous peoples, though the analysis isn’t as strong as the research. Two critiques: African slavery gets too little weight, disease too much; emphasizing disease lets readers put blinders on the scale of brutality inflicted by colonization.

Morgan, Edmund S. Puritan Family. New York: Harper Perennial, 1942.

Is this work ever dated (my copy was printed in 1944), but quite important. The chapters on servitude and slavery and on the dissolution of the Puritan experiment taught me the most, though Morgan’s hunt for a “bright side” to involuntary servitude rubs me the wrong way.

Southworth, E.D.E.N. The Hidden Hand: Or, Capitola the Madcap. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1988.

I honestly love this book: the first American novel to sell a million copies, running at a nice clip balancing intrigue, action, and character-building. I was disappointed by the cliffhanger (nothing here is self-contained), and someone needs to do an analysis of blackness in this story.

Fischer, David Hackett. Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

I gobbled down this massive tome in one day, hardly taking time to eat. Fischer revives the “Teutonic germ” argument via four British folkways; a massive accomplishment, but I side with the pluralists: the folkways shaped early America, then largely crumbled, and he undervalues American pluralism.

Northup, Solomon. 12 Years a Slave. New York: Penguin Books, 2013.

Probably the most interesting slave narrative I’ve read to date: more thorough than Douglass, covering Northup’s life in New York, his kidnapping, the Louisiana plantation years, and his legal liberation. The opening and closing chapters read with the tension of a well-written thriller; a must-read.

Bailyn, Bernard. The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction. New York: Vintage Books, 1988.

Profoundly dated lectures in historical sociology, situated in a thoroughly British Atlantic with no nod to the Spanish or African ones: a serious problem. The third lecture’s regional breakdown of colonial North America is the most interesting part; the whole doesn’t go far enough.

Clendinnen, Inga. Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1517-1570. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

A great study of how conquest gave way to institutionalized Spanish rule in Yucatan, centered on the campaigns against Mayan idolatry: the Maya were receptive to Christianization, so long as it was on their own terms. The chapters on the Maya feel like a mere addition; a shame, since they’re the most interesting part.

Poe, Edgar Allan. The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket. Edited by Richard Kopley. New York: Penguin Books, 1999.

Poe’s greatness lives in short form; the novel keeps his trademark gore and horror but its meandering nature takes away the pace that makes his other work so powerful. Influential (it inspired Moby-Dick and Verne), but nearly two centuries on it doesn’t stand up.

Stern, Steve J. Peru's Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Huamanga to 1640. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993.

A study of how Peru’s Indians resisted Spanish conquest, from millenarian revolt to working the Spanish legal system, that reads more as anthropology or sociology than history. The political economy material went over my head; I didn’t really “get it.”

Miller, Perry. Errand into the Wilderness. Revised ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984.

Woof, a difficult read: the culmination of Miller’s 25 years on Puritan New England, painting its leaders as intellectuals first and governors second. Not an introductory book; I read it with Wikipedia constantly open, and it needs supplementing with Edmund Morgan.

Morgan, Edmund S. The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of John Winthrop. Boston: Longman, 1958.

A nice easy read: Winthrop’s life as a way into the Puritan dilemma, how far quasi-theocratic authorities must retreat from the world to build their city upon a hill. Morgan moved my image of the Puritans further from Hawthorne and Arthur Miller toward a far more dynamic people.

Lockhart, James. The Men of Cajamarca: A Social and Biographical Study of the First Conquerors of Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012.

A fascinating cross-section of the 168 men who deposed Atahuallpa in 1533: over half under thirty, a third hidalgos, most ending their expeditions to lord over encomiendas rather than soldier on. Dated and meant for specialists, but a really important, illuminating read for me.

Cooper, James Fenimore. The Pioneers. New York: Penguin Books, 1988.

Cooper writes sleep medicine masquerading as books: this one is almost entirely conversation in Otsego about what settlement means for those it displaces, ending in the dying-race trope. It had the theoretical potential to be interesting, but Cooper simply is not a good writer, and I don’t find his books worth reading.

Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, 30th Anniversary Edition. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.

Astounding work, dismissed at the time as “not history,” that foresaw environmental history: the linkages of 1492 reshaped the biogeography of the planet. Its contents are now received wisdom, the syphilis chapter doesn’t really belong, and Africa gets too little attention, but as a starting point you could do much worse.

Wilkerson, Isabel. Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. New York: Random House, 2020.

One of those books that make you say “Aha!”: race is a meta-language, and the deeper thing it masks is caste. Wilkerson is absolutely right, though the India and Third Reich comparisons stay skin-deep; read her alongside others (McGhee pairs well). A must-read regardless.

Morgan, Edmund. Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1965.

A tough book to get through, though that’s the topic’s doing, not Morgan’s: a historical theology built around one question, how a church constructs membership. The Puritan attempt to shrink the visible church toward the invisible bred an obsession with purity that eventually collapsed the whole edifice.

Haig, Matt. The Midnight Library. Viking, 2020.

I can’t say this book cured my depression, but it has helped some: Haig paints chronic depression excellently and gave me means to think about what being “well” might look like. The story is nothing too special; the questions he raises are what matter.

Herring, George C. From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

I’ve never come across a synthetic text so jam-packed with information. The argument: in spite of rhetoric, the US has almost never been isolationist. The conspicuous absences, development and immigration, show Herring thinking about “foreign policy” in more limited terms than could be useful.

McGhee, Heather. The Sum of Us: What Racism Costs Everyone and How We Can Prosper Together. New York: Random House, 2021.

It came off as thoroughly light-weight at first, but McGhee’s argument separates it from the rest: racism doesn’t just harm the discriminated-against, it destroys opportunities for the racists too (the pools filled with concrete). Her solutions verge on platitudes, but she’s right. Required reading.

Erdrich, Louise. The Sentence. New York: Harper, 2021.

A testament to Erdrich’s ability that the main character is quite unlikable and I still rooted for her. An interesting ghost story marked by grave robbing and the more positive legacy of NAGPRA; also a decent primer on the events of 2020 in the United States.

Powers, Richard. Bewilderment. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2021.

A 21st century retelling of Flowers for Algernon: I was enamored by the first third, Robbie’s sense of wonder so lifelike I could almost feel it, before the book becomes something more mundane. Best on climate change, worst on funding and politics; Powers isn’t wrong, but he’ll convince no one not already on his side.